Italics.Titles
Generally, we italicize the titles of things that can stand by themselves. Thus we differentiate between the titles of novels and journals, say, and the titles of poems, short stories, articles, and episodes (for television shows). The titles of these shorter pieces would be surrounded with double quotation marks.
In writing the titles of newspapers, do not italicize the word
the, even when it is part of the title (the
New York Times), and do not italicize the name of the city in which the newspaper is published unless that name is part of the title: the
Hartford Courant, but the London
Times.
Other titles that we would italicize include the following:
*
Journals and Magazines: Time,
U.S. News and World Report,
Crazyhorse,
Georgia Review
*
Plays: Waiting for Godot,
Long Day's Journey Into Night
*
Long Musical Pieces: Puccini's
Madama Butterfly, Tchaikovsky's
Nutcracker Suite (but "Waltz of the Flowers"), Schubert's
Winterreise (but "Ave Maria"). For musical pieces named by type, number and key — Mozart's Divertimento in D major, Barber's Cello Sonata Op. 6 — we use neither italics nor quotation marks.
*
Cinema: Slingblade,
Shine,
The Invisible Man
*
Television and Radio Programs: Dateline,
Seinfeld,
Fresh Air,
Car Talk
*
Artworks: the
Venus de Milo, Whistler's
The Artist's Mother
*
Famous Speeches: Lincoln's
Gettysburg Address, Washington's
Second Inaugural Address (when that is the actual title of the speech)
*
Long Poems (that are extensive enough to appear in a book by themselves): Longfellow's
Evangeline, Milton's
Paradise Lost, Whitman's
Leaves of Grass
*
Pamphlets: New Developments in AIDS Research
We do not italicize the titles of long sacred works: the Bible, the Koran. Nor do we italicize the titles of books of the Bible: Genesis, Revelation, 1 Corinthians.
When an exclamation mark or question mark is part of a title, make sure that that mark is italicized along with the title,
* My favorite book is
Where Have All the Flowers Gone?
* I love Dr. Suess's
Oh, the Places You'll Go!
(Do not add an additional period to end such sentences.) If the end mark is not part of the title, but is added to indicate a question or exclamation, do not italicize that mark.
* Did you enjoy Charles Frazier's
Cold Mountain?
Names of Vehicles
*
Challenger
*
Titanic
*
Orient Express
* U.S.S.
Eisenhower (Don't italicize the U.S.S.)
* H.M.S.
Pinafore (Don't italicize the H.M.S. when you're talking about the ship. If you're talking about the light opera, then it's part of the title,
H.M.S. Pinafore.)
We don't italicize names of vehicles that are brand names: Ford Explorer, Corvette, Nissan Pathfinder, Boeing 747.
Foreign Words or Phrases
* If a word or phrase has become so widely used and understood that it has become part of the English language — such as the French "bon voyage" or the abbreviation for the latin
et cetera, "etc." — we would not italicize it. Often this becomes a matter of private judgment and context. For instance, whether you italicize the Italian
sotto voce depends largely on your audience and your subject matter.
Words as Words
Examples:
* The word
basically is often unnecessary and should be removed.
* There were four
and's and one
therefore in that last sentence. (Notice that the apostrophe-s, used to create the plural of the word-as-word
and, is not italicized.)
* She defines ambiguity in a positive way, as the ability of a word to mean more than one thing at the same time.
For Emphasis
Note: It is important not to overdo the use of italics to emphasize words. After a while, it loses its effect and the language starts to sound like something out of a comic book.
* I really don't care what
you think! (Notice that just about any word in that sentence could have been italicized, depending on how the person said the sentence.)
* These rules do
not apply to newspaper writing.
Words as Reproduced Sounds
*
Grrr! went the bear. (But you would say "the bear growled" because growled reports the nature of the sound but doesn't try to reproduce it. Thus the bees buzz but go
bzzzz and dogs bark
woof!)
* His head hit the stairs,
kathunk!
Frequently, mimetically produced sounds are also accompanied by exclamation marks.